The region is vulnerable to umbilical hernia in children because of the way in which the body develops, and the nature of the navel. In some cases, the abdominal wall around the navel does not close completely during fetal development, allowing the intestine to push through and create a hernia. The navel hernia may be visible when a baby cries or strains, sinking back into the abdomen when the baby relaxes. It is usually identified soon after birth, as babies tend to strenuously object to be pushed out into the world, making their navel hernias rather prominent. Unlike other types of hernia, hernia navel often resolves.

In infants, the hernia may disappear with age, and certainly by the age of four years in most cases. If the herniated belly button is still present after this point, you may require surgical correction. The hernia is also prone to complications such as strangulation, in which the blood supply to the herniated bowel is cut off, causing tissue death. If a child has a herniated belly button, a doctor may recommend careful monitoring for signs of a problem. In adults, the belly button hernia appears as a result of strain. As children, the hernia appears as a lump behind the navel, causing swelling that can vary in size depending on the position of the patient and the patient is tense or strain. In adults, the hernia should be corrected surgically to avoid the possibility of complications.

For those who want to throw around some medical terminology, a herniated belly button is also known as an exomphalos, “literally” navel out “, referring to the fact that the navel pushes out of the body as a result of the hernia. The hernia navel should not be confused with a outie “navel, a physical characteristic normal. A belly button hernia protruding much more than an outie belly button, and may be accompanied by pain and suffering, especially in adults.

What would be the most frequent pathologies in this specialty.

There are two groups of diseases which, by their frequency in childhood and adolescence, represent the main reasons for consultation in the neurological specialty: developmental disorders and so encompass the paroxysms.

A substantial proportion of children has a developmental disorder of sufficient magnitude to require a specialized evaluation. The reasons for consultation vary by age:

In infants: is manifested in the acquisition of maturational patterns, especially motor. In Pre-school stage in the development of language disorders. By school age and adolescence: for disorders of learning and behavior.

A similar or lower rate at some time, a transient paroxysmal episode. These are manifested as a change at the level of motor behavior (convulsions, tics, etc..) Perceptual (headache, dizziness) of impaired breathing (apneas, breath) or level of consciousness (syncope). Within the spectrum of seizures, which may have different ways of presenting stand-febrile seizures.

What other causes of consultations may be cited?

Although less common genetic and chromosomal diseases and central nervous system malformations (Down syndrome, myelomeningocele) and neuromuscular diseases (muscular dystrophy, neuropathies, spinal atrophy), neurodegenerative diseases, some with known metabolic error (phenylketonuria, galactosemia , etc.).
The importance of technological advances.

In the late ’70s, the development of computerized tomography have allowed for the first time “live” a direct image of the brain.

In recent years there have been some changes with regard to neurological diseases. From a cultural standpoint, today’s parents, educators and the general population have more information, which makes the children come to the consultation in early stages, therefore, with greater likelihood of appropriate intervention.

As for the scientific field there is greater knowledge of the various neurodevelopmental problems and further development of methods of diagnosis and treatment.

Since diseases of the nervous system are closely linked to overall health, change in perinatal care, greater coverage and the development of new vaccines, prevention of accidents and general health care have led to a change in their incidence.

DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES

Child neurology is a specialty clinic and is likely to remain as such. The most important stages of the process diagnosis is based on the interview and physical examination, new diagnostic methods, especially in the field of imaging, neurophysiology and laboratory techniques have no value when applied indiscriminately and without proper clinical criteria .

Then with the advent of MRI and recently with positron emission tomography (PET) provides a range of methods, and shows the structure of the nervous system to assess the performance of certain specific areas.

CORRECT INFORMATION

In neurophysiology, there has also been important advances. From conventional electroencephalogram (EEG), which today provides important information, a more prolonged development on an outpatient basis, which can be done while the children make their activities, even during sleep or sleep deprivation.

In addition, polysomnography, simultaneous recording of EEG and other physiological parameters such as breathing, heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation, etc. It is very useful for the diagnosis of sleep-related pathology (ej.apneas).

Finally, the EEG recording combined with the image of the patient (videoelectroencephalogram) has made it possible to define more precisely the paroxysmal episodes and is a fundamental element for children with epilepsy are difficult to control.

And THE TREATMENT?

The development of new treatments has not been of the desired magnitude and in many areas, such as neuromuscular diseases and genetics, are experimental. The situation has been more advantageous for patients with epilepsy, and in recent years have developed new anticonvulsant drugs.

WHAT IS PREVENTION?

There is a group of diseases that can be prevented and for this the best advice is to follow the advice of your doctor: Regular monitoring of the pregnancy and birth by a team of professionals. Compliance with the immunization schedule

Accident prevention.

On the other hand there are some neurological conditions in which early diagnosis allows appropriate treatment and better prognosis. Therefore periodic monitoring health and timely consultation with your pediatrician to borderline situations should be a priority.
Dr. Pedro Barreda

The researchers measured the levels of pesticide were 1139 children from a urine sample each. Also interviewed the parents, to determine which children had the disorder and what does not. The participants, aged between eight and 15 years, had been part of a study carried out by the government between 2000 and 2004.

The results showed that almost all of them had up to 94 percent of this substance. One thing to remember is that children, due to their weight, are more exposed than adults to health risks caused by pesticides.

According to the study, published in Pediatrics, children who had the most amount of pesticides in the urine were more likely to develop ADHD. The study did not materialize how they had come into contact with it (could have been through the consumption of water or food treated with pesticides or by breathing air contaminated with the substance.)

“The exposure is virtually ubiquitous, we are all exposed,” said Martys Bouchard, lead author of the research. In his view, people could limit their exposure by eating organic foods.

Although it will take more studies to confirm a link between pesticides and the development of ADHD, Virginia Rauh, of Columbia University in New York, who has investigated prenatal pesticide exposure in other studies, says these results should be taken seriously.

The study proves the origins of voice processing in the human brain and could provide information on neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.

Scientists at the Center for Brain and Cognitive Development at the University of London, led by Tobias Grossmann, conducted their study in the laboratory of Angela D. Friederici Max Planck Institute in Cognitive Science and Human Brain in Germany. The researchers used near infrared spectroscopy to investigate when during development the regions of the temporal cortex became sensitive to the human voice. These specific cortical regions have had an important role in spoken language processing in adults.

Grossmann’s team found that children of seven months and not four months showed greater responses similar to those of adults in the temporal cortex as a result of the human voice compared with no vowel sounds, suggesting that sensitivity to voice emerges between 4 and 7 months of age.

Another important issue addressed by the study is whether the activity in brain regions sensitive to the voice in infants is modulated by emotional prosody, emotional rhythmic structure may reflect the sentiments of the speaker and helps convey the context of language. In humans, sensitivity to emotional prosody is crucial for social communication.

The researchers found that a region sensitive to the voice in the right temporal cortex showed increased activity when infants heard words of seven months with emotional prosody (anger or happiness). It is believed that such modulation of brain activity by emotional signals is a fundamental mechanism of the brain to prioritize the processing of meaningful stimuli in the environment.

“Our findings show that brain regions are sensitive to and specialized voice and modulated by emotional information at 7 months of age and raise the possibility that critical neurodevelopmental processes that underlie the alteration of the voice processing occurs in disorders such as autism could happen before the seven months, “said Grossmann.

Therefore, the researcher concludes that in future work the method will be used to assess individual differences in infants’ responses to voices and emotional prosody and could serve as one of the possible markers that may help early identification of infants with more risk of experiencing neurological developmental disorders.

Childhood neurological cause much distress in the family. However, thanks to scientific advances, most young patients can enjoy a full life today.

What would be the most common conditions in this specialty.

There are two sets of conditions which by their frequency in childhood and adolescence, would represent the main reasons for consultation at the neurological specialty: developmental disorders and so encompass the paroxysms.

A not insignificant percentage of children has a developmental disorder of sufficient magnitude to require an expert assessment. The reasons for consultation vary by age:

• In infants: is manifested in the acquisition of maturational patterns, especially motor.

• At stage Kindergarten disorders in language development.

• At school age and adolescence in learning disorders and behavior.

A lower percentage or something similar at some time transient paroxysmal episode. These manifest as change at the level of motor behavior (convulsions, tics, etc..) Perceptual (headache, vertigo) of impaired breathing (apneas, sobbing spasms) or level of consciousness (syncope).

Within the spectrum of seizures, which may have different ways of presenting stand-febrile seizures.